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= = =Viking longships, Primary source unit 2 =

 The vikings are very well known to the world and played a huge part in European history. They are known for their violence and brutality in the way the pillaged many. One of the things that enabled them to be so successful was their naval skills and vessels. The most important type of ship was the viking longships. They were used to viking's advantage for warfare and troop transportation. They were well known and recognized by the carved dragon head at the front of the ship and they were feared by many.

There are few original viking ships found today but there are still some preserved ones found today. The Gokstad Ship located in a museum in Norway shows the viking longship's style as well as the oseberg ship located in Norway.

=Design= The longship was built wide to create stability and to avoid tipping. Wooden ribs were used and held together by iron attachments which created great durability. These ships could hold around 100 troops and were often used in fleets to overwhelm an enemy. The ships were quite fast with a max speed of 10 to 15 knots, this was achieved by using a sail and rowing. The boats were built so the hull of the ship wasn't so deep in the water which allowed vikings to be able to sail in shallow waters.The boats were very well built and water was kept out by a waterproof caulk which was applied during its construction. = = =**Temple of Zeus; Unit 1 primary source** =



====Zeus's temple, located in Athens, Greece, is a structure built by the ancient Greek Athenians in the years 470 B.C.E and 460 B.C.E. This temple is dedicated to the power god Zeus king of Olympus and all were subject to him. Zeus is the god of all gods and controlled thunder, law, order, rain, and fate.==== Now the people of Athens based their whole lives off of their gods and they tried their best to keep them happy so they could be successful in business, health, and romance and so on. This shows huge faith in their deities and how religious this time period was and also the Greeks were one civilization that contributed to the great time period of polytheistic religions of the classical civilizations like Rome. Zeus's temple was a place people could go to please the great god or too seek answers to questions or to seek his gratification. One of most significant things about the temple is its architecture great stone pillars support tons and tons worth of stone. This amazing architecture is not only beautiful it is very sturdy and has stood for thousands and thousands of years. Here in the United States the same architectural qualities and Greek styles can be seen on great national monuments and state capital and national government buildings as well as many other places. The temple of Zeus gives historians a great look into Greek civilization and everyday life for them. Also it helped contribute to the influence of Greek architecture in our nation today. = = = **The Immortals; The Gods of Greece (class starter)** =

Greek Mythology: Sources
In Greek mythology, there is no single original text like the Christian Bible or the Hindu Vedas that introduces all of the myths’ characters and stories. Instead, the earliest Greek myths were part of an oral tradition that began in the Bronze Age, and their plots and themes unfolded gradually in the written literature of the archaic and classical periods. The poet Homer’s 8th-century BC epics the Iliad and the Odyssey, for example, tell the story of the (mythical) Trojan War as a divine conflict as well as a human one. They do not, however, bother to introduce the gods and goddesses who are their main characters, since readers and listeners would already have been familiar with them.

Around 700 BC, the poet Hesiod’s Theogony offered the first written cosmogony, or origin story, of Greek mythology. The Theogony tells the story of the universe’s journey from nothingness (Chaos, a primeval void) to being, and details an elaborate family tree of elements, gods and goddesses who evolved from Chaos and descended from Gaia (Earth), Ouranos (Sky), Pontos (Sea) and Tartaros (the Underworld).

Later Greek writers and artists used and elaborated upon these sources in their own work. For instance, mythological figures and events appear in the 5th-century plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides and the lyric poems of Pindar. Writers such as the 2nd-century BC Greek mythographer Apollodorus of Athens and the 1st-century BC Roman historian Gaius Julius Hyginus compiled the ancient myths and legends for contemporary audiences. 

Greek Mythology: The Olympians
At the center of Greek mythology is the pantheon of deities who were said to live on Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. From their perch, they ruled every aspect of human life. Olympian gods and goddesses looked like men and women (though they could change themselves into animals and other things) and were--as many myths recounted--vulnerable to human foibles and passions.

[|http://www.history.com/topics/greek-mythology/videos#greek-gods]

The twelve main Olympians are: Other gods and goddesses sometimes included in the roster of Olympians are: 
 * Zeus (Jupiter, in Roman mythology): the king of all the gods (and father to many) and god of weather, law and fate
 * Hera (Juno): the queen of the gods and goddess of women and marriage
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Aphrodite (Venus): goddess of beauty and love
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Apollo (Apollo): god of prophesy, music and poetry and knowledge
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Ares (Mars): god of war
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Artemis (Diana): goddess of hunting, animals and childbirth
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Athena (Minerva): goddess of wisdom and defense
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Demeter (Ceres): goddess of agriculture and grain
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Dionysos (Bacchus): god of wine, pleasure and festivity
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Hephaistos (Vulcan): god of fire, metalworking and sculpture
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Hermes (Mercury): god of travel, hospitality and trade and Zeus’s personal messenger
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Poseidon (Neptune): god of the sea
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Hades (Pluto): god of the underworld
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Hestia (Vesta): goddess of home and family
 * <span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; vertical-align: baseline;">Eros (Cupid): god of sex and minion to Aphrodite

<span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek Mythology: Heroes and Monsters
<span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek mythology does not just tell the stories of gods and goddesses, however. Human heroes--such as Heracles, the adventurer who performed 12 impossible labors for King Eurystheus (and was subsequently worshipped as a god for his accomplishment); Pandora, the first woman, whose curiosity brought evil to mankind; Pygmalion, the king who fell in love with an ivory statue; Arachne, the weaver who was turned into a spider for her arrogance; handsome Trojan prince Ganymede who became the cupbearer for the gods; Midas, the king with the golden touch; and Narcissus, the young man who fell in love with his own reflection--are just as significant. Monsters and “hybrids” (human-animal forms) also feature prominently in the tales: the winged horse Pegasus, the horse-man Centaur, the lion-woman Sphinx and the bird-woman Harpies, the one-eyed giant Cyclops, automatons (metal creatures given life by Hephaistos), manticores and unicorns, Gorgons, pygmies, minotaurs, satyrs and dragons of all sorts. Many of these creatures have become almost as well known as the gods, goddesses and heroes who share their stories.



<span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #333333; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 1em; vertical-align: baseline;">Greek Mythology: Past and Present
<span style="background-color: #f1f1ea; color: #666666; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">The characters, stories, themes and lessons of Greek mythology have shaped art and literature for thousands of years. They appear in Renaissance paintings such as Botticelli’s Birth of Venus and Raphael’s Triumph of Galatea and writings like Dante’s Inferno; Romantic poetry and libretti; and scores of more recent novels, plays and films.

I think that your article is well organised as well as informative. Many people of modern times are only familiar with prominent gods (Zeus), and your article informed me about the lesser known gods of Ancient Greece. The visual aids are quite helpful to those who do not know the Greek gods as well as others do. However, you could have expanded upon the connections to future societies such as the Roman Empire. It would have been nice to add the Roman names of the gods (Greek:Zeus Roman:Jupiter). Otherwise, your article is near perfection; good work. -Lennon S.