Mansoor+N.

Primary Source UNIT 4: Gatling Gun The gun is named for its inventor, Richard Jordan Gatling, who was a physician. Gatling neatly divided his sympathies during the Civil War. While trying to sell machine guns to the Union, he was an active member of the Order of American Knights, a secret group of confederate sympathizers and saboteurs. The Gatling soon improved on the original six barrel, .58 caliber version of the gun, which fired 350 rounds a minute, by designing a ten-barrel, .30 caliber model, which fired 400 rounds a minute. The U.S. Army adopted the Gatling gun 1866, and it remained standard until it was replaced in the early twentieth century by the Maxim single-barrel machine gun. The gatling gun played an important role after the Civil War, giving small numbers of U.S. troops enormous advantage in firepower over the western Indians. In newly colonized portions of Africa and Asia, the Gatling gun provided the Europeans margin of victory over local forces.

Primary Source UNIT 3: MATCHLOCK GUN The Matchlock was a welcomed improvement in the mid-fifteenth century and remained in use even into the early 1700s, even though it was much cheaper to create large numberz of better classes of firearms with more sophisticated igition systems. The Matchlock secured a lighted wick in a moveable arm which, when the trigger was deprssed, was brought down against the flash pan to ignite the powder. This allwed the shooter to keep both hands on the gun, which imporved the accuracy drastically. The gun also had its weakness. It took time to ignite the end of the wick, which made the matchlock useless to suprise attacks. The matchlock was the primary firearm used in conquering the New World. Over time the Native Americans learned the weaknesses of this form of ignition and learned to take advantage of them.

. Starter: Copernicus

Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer born on February 19, 1473. Copernicus traveled to Italy at the age of 18 to attend college, where he prepared for a career in the church, While attending the University of Bologna, he lived and worked with astronomy professor Domenico Maria de Novara, doing research and helping him make observations. After his studies were done he returned to Poland to take up official duties in Frauenburg.

Nicholas Copernicus was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, and polish astronomer. What he was known for was his Heliocentric Theory, which was that the sun was in the center of the universe and that all the planets revolved around the sun. He also said that the earth turned on its axis once a day. His book //De Revolutions// was his most famous piece of writing which explained his Heliocentric Theory. He did not publish the book right when he finished it because he knew that he would be rejected by the Catholic church, which is why he published it on his death bed. Copernicus's ideas, published only two months before his death, took nearly a hundred years to seriously take hold. In 1632 Galileo, building up on Copernicus's work, claimed that the Earth orbited the sun. Shortly afterwards Galileo found himself under house arrest for committing heresy against the Catholic church. Despite this, the observations of the universe proved the two men correct.

SCHOOL OF ATHENS My favorite School Of Athens character is Alexander the Great because he was an amazing general who lead his army across more than 17,700 km of land, founding about 70 cities, and is considered one of the greatest generals to have ever lived. Alexander the Great spread the Hellenistic culture all over Europe and Asia by conquering Babylonia, Persia, Egypt, and other kingdoms. Alexander the Great also never lost a battle before his death. Alexander the Greats's artisans were able to create art all through out his empire which affected the art during the renaissance. In my opinion I think that Genghis Khan should have been in the School of Athens because I think he spread his empire much greater than Alexander the Great. His empire was also the second biggest in human history. Genghis Khan got the best scholars and artisans from the towns he conquered. With these people he was able to improve his empire greatly. By doing this his empire arguably became one of the best empires ever. Good point connecting GK to Alexander. -SW



UNIT 2 PRIMARY SOURCE.

The Hagia Sophia, whose name means "holy wisdom", is a domed monument originally built as a cathedral in Constantinople in the 6th century A.D. It contains two floors centered on a giant nav that has a great dome ceiling, along with smaller domes, towering above. To build his cathedral, Justinian turned turned to two men named Anthemius and Isidore the Elder. They built the Hagia Sophia in great haste, finishing it in less than six years. Compared to other great buildings built around that time 6 years was nothing. It took nearly a century for medieval builders to construct the Notre Dame in Paris. The builders had problems with the dome of the roof and the structure was almost collapsing during construction. The dome used a system of piers to channel its weight.

The Hogia Sophia was a symbol of the rise of the Eastern Empire. As the original Roman Empire began to collapse, the city of Byzantium/Constantinople in the eastern part began to establish itself, particularly after the around the year 300 CE when leadership of the empire got split up. When the Hagia Sophia got built two centuries later, it was a symbol of the power the Eastern Empire had

The Hagia Sophia is a very important building because it is one of Justinian's most amazing accomplishments.

UNIT 1 PRIMARY SOURCE:

The Book of the Dead is the known name for the ancient Egyptian texts known as The Book of Coming Forth by Day. Books of the dead constituted as a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for the use of the deceased in the afterlife. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death.

‍The book of the dead was important because religion guided every aspect of life ‍in ancient Egypt. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddess each representing characteristics of a specific earthly force, combined with a heavenly power.

The text was initially carved on the exterior of the deceased person's sarcophagus, but was later written on papyrus now known as scrolls and buried inside the sarcophagus with the deceased, presumably so that it would be both portable and close at hand.

The Book of the Dead is a very good example of how important religion was to the ancient Egyptians.

What is the significance of this area? Why is is considered to be so holy? -JS