Sydney+J

I chose Raphael because he was considered one part of the "Holy Trinity" of artists that lead the Renaissance, the others being Michelangelo and Da Vinci. Raphael also was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the School of Athens Fresco. He included himself in the painting. He is one of the only people in the painting looking at the viewer. Good point. Raphael was an important part of the Renaissance because he was and is still considered the most accurate portraitist, while also conveying emotion. This is exemplifies a shift of paintings used to document biblical stories, and to becoming an art form in itself. Pope Julius commissioning Raphael to decorate the Vatican shows a flow of money and supporting the arts, which is a stark contrast to the Feudalistic Middle Ages. The School of Athens also shows an important aspect of the Renaissance, which is a look back to the Greek and Roman empires. Also, the fact that the School Of Athens is in the Vatican is yet another aspect of the Renaissance, which is the power of the Catholic church during this time. I think that Raphael should have included Hypatia of Alexandra because women are obviously grossly underrepresented in the fresco, and some of the women are representations of love, or mistresses of philosophers. Also! Hypatia actually WENT to the school of athens. (whoops, Hypatia actually is represented in The School of Athens, sooo I guess I'm just ahead of the game)
 * School of Athens: Raphael ** [[image:http://khan.smarthistory.org/assets/images/images/raphael-school-detail.jpg width="560" height="326"]]

**Unit Two Primary Source: Wound Man **

It is common knowledge that the medicine and general "advancements" made in Europe during the Middle Ages were not up to par with the rest of the world at the time, especially the Islamic schools of learning found in the middle east. A testament to that fact is blood letting and leeches, commonly used to cure different ailments in Medieval medicine. But what did emerge was a basic understanding of anatomy, which would later be advanced during the Renaissance of Europe by the greats, an example being Leonardo Da Vinci and the Vitruvian Man.

A precursor to that was the Wound Man, a common diagram drawn by Medieval doctors to show the different and various ways a Knight could be harmed during battle. The document exhibits a good idea of anatomy and the human body developing in the time period, as well as the commonality of war and battle that the Middle Ages was plagued with. The purpose of the Wound Man was for surgeons to reference when faced with such problems, kind of like a laundry list of ailments along with how to fix them.

It is important to note that during the Middle Ages, the Catholic church was very prominent in every single facet of life, especially science. The human body was seen as sacred, and therefore such things a cadavers and autopsies to learn how the body worked and its anatomy was forbidden.Christian theology states that the body is needed after death. Even today, autopsies on past Popes is forbidden. Many surgeons and scientists would dig up graves in order to learn more about the human body, or even experiment and observe on live patients. There was sure to be a lot of those seeing as there was conflict everywhere during the middle ages, as well as disease and famine.

So could one really blame the surgeons of the Middle Age for engaging in such odd practices, when they really had no chance to study medicine because of the Church? And also, did scientists and surgeons producing and distributing such documents like the wound man help the advancement of science? And did that make the church mad?

On further research, I also found a "Disease Man", who detailed how medical astrology was to be used. Apparently, doctors used constellations and zodiac signs to treat certain ailments, believing that a body's microcosm aligns with the planets' macrocosm. Today, that sounds totally crazy. But again if you think back to the influence of the church, it makes perfect sense. The planets were the sign of the divine, and the human body was sacred. It would make sense that body could be cured by a divine power.

Both the wound man and the disease man are signs of transition in Europe. Although in the disease man there is still hints of church influence, both are anatomically correct figures, and both use at least some sort of medicine (science) to cure ailments. The fact that there is a disease and a wound man show a prevalence of both sickness and war, BUT the fact that these documents do exist, shows preplanning, a characteristic of civilization, and enlightenment, hence a transition! -This is a great subject. Thanks -SW



**Primary Source: The yo-yo ** The yo-yo is regarded as the second oldest toy in history, the first being a doll. A yo-yo is essentially an axle connected to two discs. The axle has a length of string tied around it (think of a spool). One plays with a yo-yo by applying force to the other end of the string, causing the string to wrap and unwrap around the axle, which creates the spinning effect! The exact origin of the yoyo cannot be dated, but it is believed by most forensic anthropologists that the toy originated in China as early as 1000 B.C.E. with the invention of the //Diablo,// a hybrid of concepts of a yoyo and a spinning top. The first mention of an actual yoyo in historical evidenc is on a classical Greek style vase, dated to 440 B.C.E. The vase depicts a Greek youth playing with a yoyo, clearly amused by it. The vase was specifically a //Kylix//, or a cup used for drinking wine. These cups were broad and shallow in the body with a small stem. They would have two handles on either side of the cup so it could be held with two hands (this was so partygoers could keep drinking while handicapped by intoxication). These Kylixes were usually made of earthenware, like terra cotta. This specific Kylix was found in the region of what would have been Attica, which encompassed Athens at the time. The yoyos themselves were usually made of metal, wood, or painted terra cotta. Both sides would be decorated with images of the Greek gods. At the time, yoyos weren't called "yoyos". They were called simply disks, δίσκος in greek, or //discus // in latin. Due to their fragility, archeologists have deduced that the fired-clay hand-painted terra cotta yoyos weren't actually used for play, but as a symbolic rite of passage. Once a child was considered an adult, they would place their yoyo on the family altar as a gift to certain gods to protect the child in transition to adulthood. The metal or wood yoyos were kept for playtime.  The vase was most likely made by that particular town's "artisan" for wealthy Patricians who could afford to have extravagant parties. The yoyos themselves were probably family-made or sold by merchants at the local market. Possibly, the metal yoyos were given to Patrician children, and the wooden ones for Plebeian children, but one cannot know for sure. The purpose of the vase was of course to hold wine, but the picture of the boy with the yoyo wa on the Kylix to entice the partygoer to drink more to see what the picture was of, and to surprise and entertain them with the whimsical and playful nature of course! The purpose of the yoyo was to entertain children, and maybe improve hand-eye coordination. After all, this was found in Attica, in close vicinity to Athens, which thrived on the philosophy of self-betterment and advancement of oneself logically and skill wise. The fact that the exact origin of the yoyo is not known, but shows up consistently in different cultures could attest to many ideas of globalization:
 *  The yoyo traveled the Silk Road or some other form of worldwide trade. The yoyo or its ancestors could have originated in China and was distributed by merchants to Greece where it was altered by the Greeks. This would also explain why yoyos have shown up in paintings adorning the walls of Egyptian Pyramids and why linguistic experts have determined that the name // "yoyo" // is oriental in origin, even though it has been used for centuries to name the toy in the Philippines.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">OR the yoyo came about independently in each culture. This would give basis to the yoyo being a universal concept, like the doll, because it's essence shows up in nature. Like the doll is modeled after humans, the yoyo could be modeled after gravity, and the ability to defy that by binding the object to something (in this case, the finger). Perhaps this idea was so fascinating that every culture thought up their own version of the yoyo, and the Greeks were simply the only ones to truly document it?



<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">The terra cotta Kylix depicting the boy playing with the yoyo! <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">Currently displayed at a museum in Berlin



<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">CLOSEUP OMG



<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">Actual terracotta yoyo <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">Currently displayed at the Museum of Athens

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">   <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"> terracotta yoyo take two

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;">Diablo-traditional Chinese "yoyo" Thats sweet that yoyos are ancient! Why do you think that everyone had a yoyo? Maybe because they were so simple? does this tell us historians that they had a surplus of time and actually became bored? Also do you think that they did cool tricks with em? Gorka W

//a dualistic, ascetic religion founded in the 6th century B.C. by a Hindu reformer as a revolt against the caste system and the vague world spirit of Hinduism.// or //a dualistic religion founded in the 6th century B.C. as a revolt against current Hinduism and emphasizing asceticism and nonviolence toward all living creatures.//(**ascetic**-//Leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial, especially for spiritual improvement.)//(**dualistic-** //**a.** The concept that the world is ruled by the antagonistic forces of good and evil.// //**b.** The concept that humans have two basic natures, the physical and the spiritual.)// //__**An extremely short version of the history of one of the world's oldes**____**t**__ __**religions:**__// Jainism's origins are not fully known. In India around the 6th century there was a lot of discontent with the current practice of Hinduism. The Brahmans' rituals and sacrifices at the time following the Vedas were very "indulgent" for most Indians, and naturally there was unrest with the Hindu caste system from the lower caste (Shudras) and the untouchables. It's believed that the first Jain was **Parshva**. He supposedly came up with four of the five Jain principles, which we'll get to later. About 250 years after Parshva, **Mahavira** became the most prominent Jain in history. Think of Mahavira as the reformer and "populizar" of Jainism. He added the last of the Jain principles and was responsible for the growth and popularity of Jainism until it's fall in the late 19th century. __//** Jainism 101: **//__ The word "Jainism" is derived from Sanskrit, more specifically //jin// which means "to conquer", referring to conquering the struggle of passions and body pleasures within yourself (see ascetic). The goal of Jainism is to achieve **Moksha,** or pureness of the soul. Jains believe...
 * Jainism! **
 * The welfare of every living thing in the universe and the universe itself is their responsibility. DO NO HARM
 * Humans, animals, and plants all have souls, and these souls are all EQUAL, and therefore should be treated with respect and compassion.
 * In strict vegetarianism.
 * In reincarnation, and the pursuit of escaping the cycle with a pure soul and eternal bliss (i.e. Hinduism and Buddhism)

//What about God and the Universe?// There are two sects that Jainism is divided into: the **Digambara** (sky clad) and the **Svetambara** (white clad). Both sects agree on the principles of Jainism but disagree on certain aspects, such as the history of Mahavira, the spiritual status of women, and most notably, whether or not monks should wear clothes (the Digambaras believe that clothes are materialistic and should not be worn. The Svetambaras believe that such an idea is not stated in any Jain piece of writing and therefore their monks are clad in simple white linen).
 * Jains do not believe in god like other religions. They believe in something divine that is worthy of devotion. So they pray to **Jinas**. A Jina is person who has achieved the purest of souls. Jains venerate them, because they want to achieve what they did. A Jina is equivalent to God in Christianity. Prayers are different, because Jains don't worship to please their Jinas, or to ask for something. They do it as a principle. The worships help a Jain to concentrate on the principles of Jainism.
 * Jains believe that the universe EXISTS (unlike the dream idea of Taoism). They believe that it has always existed and will always exist, and that a higher power had nothing to do with it.



//About "those Women":// //Lets talk about the symbol of Jainism://
 * Although Jainism is based on the idea of equality, in some cases the very "woman-ness" of a woman is what creates inequality between the sexes. Digambaras believe a woman cannot achieve enlightenment until they are reborn into a man. They also believe that nakedness is essential to liberation. BUT since it would be "shameful" (and distracting to men trying to achieve liberation) for a woman to be naked, they cannot achieve liberation. Therefore they're "second class". Also, according to the Digambaras, women are inherently evil. They're //himic// (harmful). Why? Because "menstruation kills microorganisms in the body" and that "killing of microorganisms" shows that a woman's body is "more violent" than a man's naturally.
 * On the other hand, Svetambra does not recognize any of these ideas as valid (or scientifically correct, in that matter). Women and men Jains and monks and nuns are both able to find liberation.

Why yes, you aren't hallucinating. That is a **swastika** in the middle of the symbol of a religion that prides itself on not harming any soul. The meaning of a swastika has been misconstrued, though. The earliest mention of a swastika dates back to the Indus river civilizations, as in India during this time! Not Germany, and not right before World War II. The swastika literally means "it is good" in Sanskrit. The reason why the Nazi party adopted a 45 degree rotation of the swastika for it's symbol is because Adolf Hitler associated the swastika with the name of his "superior race" the "the Aryans". Since then the Swastika has been associated with hatred, genocide and antisemitism. //Principles of Jainism:// To achieve a pure soul, one must follow the **Three Jewels of Jainism:**
 * 1) **Right faith - Samyak darshana-** Not exactly believing everything you're told, but seeing, hearing, and feeling things correctly without preconceived notions.
 * 2) **Right knowledge - Samyak jnana-** Having an accurate knowledge of the Universe, or in simpler terms knowing "how things work"
 * 3) **Right conduct - Samyak charitra-** Living up to the ethical code of the Jains, doing absolutely no harm (except in some cases in self defense), and to free yourself from impure thoughts and materialistic situations.

The <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ethical code (<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Verdana,Arial,sans-serif;">The five **Anuvratas**, or the Lesser/Limited Vows):
 * 1) **Nonviolence (Ahimsa)**- try your best to do no harm
 * 2) **Truthfulness (Satya)**- Must always be truthful and conduct business honestly
 * 3) **Non-stealing (Achaurya)**- Jains must not steal, cheat, or avoid taxes
 * 4) **Non-possesion (Aparigraha)**-Jains can only possess what they need; Jains shall live simply.
 * 5) **Chastity (Bramacharya)**-Jains, if possible should be abstinent. If needed, only have sex with spouse, and not indulgent, then stop once borne a son.

Jains on truth:
 * **Anekantavada**- one of the most important scriptures of Jainism.
 * It explains the ideas of pluralism, multiple viewpoints, and the notion that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth.
 * **Syadvada**-the idea that every utterance is a **conditioned prediction**, or that everything is "possibly", "perhaps", or "maybe" true. The idea suggests adding the prefix //syad// to every phrase.
 * 1) //syād-asti//—in some ways, it is,
 * 2) //syād-nāsti//—in some ways, it is not,
 * 3) //syād-asti-nāsti//—in some ways, it is, and it is not,
 * 4) //syād-asti-avaktavyaḥ//—in some ways, it is, and it is indescribable,
 * 5) //syād-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ//—in some ways, it is not, and it is indescribable,
 * 6) //syād-asti-nāsti-avaktavyaḥ//—in some ways, it is, it is not, and it is indescribable,
 * 7) //syād-avaktavyaḥ//—in some ways, it is indescribable.

Example of the principle of Anekantavada~






 * REALLY COOL ILLUSTRATED VERSION:**
 * ANIMATION OF ELEPHANT**


 * SUPER CHEESY STILL PRETTY FUNNY VERSION:**
 * SUPER CHEESY VERSION**