^Period+6+Unit+2+Timeline

=**Unit 2 Timeline**=

=**500 CE**= The Mayan Civilization was located in the central lowlands of Guatemala. The Mayans were famously known for the Mayan Calendar (theorizing the date of when the world would end) and developing their written language. They also very much relied of the gods and farming and the sun, if the sun was slowing down in the sky, or stopped, they would have sacrifices at the top of the temples. Sacrifices were intended to make sure that the sun would never stop throughout its cycle in the sky.(day to night) During the 6th century the Mayans built and reformed arts, agriculture, mathematics and astronomy. Their state of development continued on throughout the post classical period, until the arrival of the Spanish. Many astronomers today believe the people from Mexico and some of Central America are decedents of the Mayan people. This civilization extended out to about 900 CE. (They were also known for their huge triangle shaped temples in the center of their city)
 * 15 Mayan Civilization**



=**600 CE**=

====**#21 reign of Justinian in the Byzantine empire (527-5****65)**- Justinian was known for many things like reconquering the west side of the former roman empire. As the roman empire was almost destroyed Justinian revived the Romans and spread his empire almost as large as the roman empires.Another marvelous feat of Justinian was the rise of the eastern orthodox church. The orthodox's center was the Hagia Sophia. ====

Swahili city states are states that flourished along the coast of East Africa after the Arabs and Persians had settled in for trade. Noone actually knows who started them, but they believed it to be either pure blooded Africans or Muslims that interbreeded with the locals. There biggest impact on the world was attracting the Meditteranean and Asians to the East Coast to trade gold, ivory, furs, rhinocerous horns, tortoise shells, and slaves for persian rugs, chinese pottery, and other luxurious accommodations. the most successful city was Kilwa, which contained the trade emporium; the palace of Husuni Kubwa. 
 * 1) 28 Swahili Trade cities ( around 600-1200 C.E.)

====#30 Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E.) - The Tang Dynasty, established by the Li family, was known as the Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries, which can be seen in the existence of cities all along the Silk Road. During part of its time, the Tang were very tolerant towards all religions, including Buddhism, which spread rapidly through China at this time. Due to the increased amount of trade and outside influence, it's very likely that this opened the doors for new discoveries in technology and art styles, which were abundant in the Tang Dynasty, including the use of move-able print and gunpowder. ~ Marisa Gonzalez-Mabbutt ====

** Pilgrimage to Mecca **
 * 1) 17 Muhammad Starts Islam (622-632 CE) - Muhammad was born in the year 570, and grew up to eventually marry a widow in 595 AD. One day Muhammad left Mecca to meditate in the hills, deciding to perform prayer in one of the caves. During his prayer in the caves, he was visited by the the Angel Gabriel, who told him that there was one God, Allah, causing Muhammad to question the Arab structure and to begin the Islamic faith. (Faith made all people who followed the faith equal, was not based on nationality, and rid the Ka'aba of idols) In 622 C.E., Muhammad was forced to flee Mecca to escape the religious leaders in the area, who feared Muhammad's rise in religious power. Muhammad then takes refuge in Medina, and begins the 5 pillars, and in AD 630 conquers Mecca and successfully rules for 2 years. He soon died after in the year 632 A.D.
 * 5 Pillars of Islam**

The Umayyad dynasty, was the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the Arab kingdom. They established the practice of hereditary succession for the caliph, the leader of the Muslim world. The Umayyad, headed by Abū Sufyvn, a large merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca. They had initially resisted Islam, not converting until 627, then becoming prominent administrators under Muhammad and his immediate successors.
 * #31: The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) **



Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, it was the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. It rose in power in 758, when it defeated the Umayyads in battle. Their claim to power was then ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol general, sacked Baghdad. While they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt, their dynasty was ended.
 * 1 Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)**


 * 1) 20 Reign of Charlemagne (768- about 814) - Charlemagne, otherwise known as Charles the Great, Charles I, or King of the Franks among ofther titles, ruled an Empire that united most of Western Europe  for the first time since the Romans. A period of cultural and intellectual activity within the catholic church known as the Carolingian Renaissance came about under his rule. Charlemagne and his brother Carloman shared the throne after their father Pepin the Short died, until Carloman also died and Charlemange became the sole ruler.
 * Portrait or Charlemagne**

**#32 Viking Raids in Europe (793-about 1066)**
The Vikings survived by fishing, farming and looting. The first documented raid was on the monastery of Lindisfarne in 793. The reason why these raids were so devastating was because they always were unsuspected. This proved effective because the raids were almost never met with military opposition and the element of terror that a raid could happen anytime was effective in that there was no warning system or way of stopping the raids established. Vikings almost always attacked coastal towns since their expertise was on water. The three main reasons for these raids were: 1. The spoils brought back was a way of sustaining a Viking. 2. The spoils also were good for the social status of a viking. They always were in pursuit of "being remembered" for the next generation of vikings after they were gone. 3. Vikings believed that the gods had already picked their day of death, and therefore there was no risk to these raids. There is no date of the last Viking raid documented, but after the death of Haraldr of Norway in 1066, Viking influence in Europe declined, and with it the Viking raids that plagued the mainland.

===In 794, a new capital of Japan was established and was named Heian-kyō ( 平 安京 in Kanji, literally means “tranquility and peace capital”). The establishment of this capital marked the end of Japan’s Nara Period and the start of Japan’s Heian Period. The Emperor of Japan and the Japanese imperial court were located in Heian-kyo (currently known as Kyōto). The court consisted of families of nobles, such as the powerful and influential Fujiwara Clan. Although one might think that the Emperor of Japan was the most powerful figure in the Imperial court, the Fujiwara Clan wielded most of the Imperial Power. === === Japanese art and culture flourished during this period, and the early Heian period was the height of Chinese influence in Japan. Buddhism, certain Confucian values, and Chinese characters were just a few of the many ideas that Japan adopted from China. ===
 * #7 Heian Period of Japan (794 to 1185) **


 * 1) 11 Kingdom of Angkor (802 A.D-1351 A.D.) A Kingdom of the Khmer empire which served as their capital in what is now modern day Cambodia. The kingdom first started when Jayarvarman II rose to power by portraying himself as a god-king.The kingdom was a very religious place with King Jayarvarman II being Hindu. The Kingdom flourished producing some of the greatest architechtural inptovments the world has seen. After the death of the king suryarvaman the Kingdom began to struggle internally until finally in 1351 the kingdom fell to a Khmer rebellion. Today the ruins of the Kingdom may be found by the great lake Tonal Sap outside the city Siem Reap.



Cyril and Methodius where two brothers who became Christian Missionaries. They were sent to Great Moraviato try and convert Slavic people to Christianity by the request of the prince and to extend Byzantine influence. Here, they began translating the bible into Old Church Slavonic and to help the Slavic people understand the text, they developed the Glagolitic alphabet. The Glagolitic alphabet was an alphabet used for Slavonic manuscript with specific matches to the Slavic language in order for the Slavic people to read and to help introduce Christianity.
 * 3 Cyril and Methodius create Russian language (862 CE - the middle ages)**



====**#26 Song Dynasty (960-1279)** Soon after the fall of the Tang Dynasty it appeared as if nomadic rulers would take their position as leaders, until a warrior named Zhao Kuangyin redirected China towards it's dynastic ways, The most prominent feature during this time period was the promotion of the Confucian scholar-gentry. The discovery of the men who formed this elite group arose from the civil service examination that was repeated one time in three years. This exam became extremely important throughout the duration of the dynasty. Eventually this led to an abundance of officials and the creation of Neo-Confucianism. The newfound religion drove the wedge between social classes far deeper than it already was. The burden of military expenses ultimately led to the collapse of the great Song Dynasty.====


 * 1) 18 Norman Invasion of England (1066) - England was invaded by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, on September 28th of 1066, drastically changing the country's history. William's main rival to the throne was Harold II of England, who assumed rule earlier that year, but was defeated by William in the south of England in the Battle of Hastings. Once the Normans had gained control of England the language was changed to french and a new government and upper class was established, but there were still many revolts from the people which continued for several years. Many of the changes brought about in the government and culture of England after the Norman Invasion continue to impact the country to this day.

Japanese Feudalism and Rise of Samurai (Approx. 12th - 19th centuries) During this period of time local rulers or military warlords would dominate the land. The emperor was more of a figurehead and was not a significant political presence. The social pyramid was broken down into, basically, four sections. The samurai were on the top. Below were the farmers (including the fishermen). Then the artisans. And finally at the bottom were the merchants and shop keepers. This hierarchy was inspired by Confucian ideas. Japanese feudalism differed from European feudalism since European feudalism placed the agricultural workers at the bottom of the pyramid. The samurai were the military nobility of feudal Japan.

(This was made by Stefan G...)


 * 16 Mongol Conquests under Genghis Khan (1206-1227)-** In 1206 Genghis Khan united various nomadic tribes in northeastern Asia. This united empire became known as the Mongol Empire with Genghis Khan as their leader. While under Genghis' reign the Mongols raided Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, The Khwarezmid Empire and the Western Xia and Jin dynasties. This land is modern day Central Asia and China. During raids the Mongols would brutally wipe out most of the town's occupants. Along with great military skills Genghis Khan introduced a written language and religious tolerance to his Mongols. When Genghis died in 1227 he passed the control of the empire over to his son, Ögedei Khan. Under Ögedei and various other rulers the Mongols persisted to threaten a good handful of empires and towns until 1337.


 * 1) 27 Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 CE)- After the second Turk invasion, Muhammad Ghori established Muslim rule in Medieval India. He succeeded in doing this through starting a series of dynasties called the Sultanate of Delhi (a.k.a. "Period of the Sultan Rulers"). The sultanate included five dynasties: the Mamluk/Slave, the Khiljis, the Jughlaq, the Sayyid, and the Lodhi. The significance of these dynasties is the fact they were able to prevent Mongol invasion. In addition, the development of culture was affected by Muslim influence during this time period. (Pictured below are Muhammad Ghori and the Delhi Sultanate)


 * [[image:boiseapworld/Delhi_Sultanate.gif width="156" height="180"]][[image:boiseapworld/Muhammad Ghori.jpg width="157" height="207"]] ||


 * 1) 22 Rule of Kublai Khan (1215-1294) Through great conquest and successful rule, Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, became a significant Mongolian ruler who made a great impact on China. He challenged the stereotypes of land-hungry Mongolian rulers before him and established the foundations for a great empire. His conquest of the Song Dynasty was the last step towards the complete Mongolian rule of China and he founded the Mongol Empire (1260-1294) and the Yuan Dynasty, becoming the overlord of all Mongol Dominions, including the Golden Horde in Russia and Il-Khanate in Persia. He fell from power due to the fact that he turned away from his nomadic heritage and adopted the Chinese culture in order to please his newly-acquired people (the Chinese) only to be overthrown by them in the end.




 * 1) 14 Marco Polo’s Trip to China (1271-1295) At seventeen years old Marco Polo, an Italian born into a merchant family, travelled along the Silk Road with his uncle and father across Asia to China. Upon his arrival, Polo met the Mongol leader of China and founder of the Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan, who conscripted Polo into government service. Serving as both an ambassador and governor, Polo immersed himself in Chinese culture and established a tie between Europe and Asia. Eventually he left Asia and returned home to Italy and began to retell his journey in his book, //The Travels of Marco Polo.//


 * 1) 2 Aztec Empire (early 13th century-1500 s ) A very important Empire in the Americas for the operating mechanics that they, as a culture, carried out. Things such as agriculture, segregation of land in towns, and intricacy of religious belief . All of these parts of there societies where clearly seen in cities such as Tenochtitlan, a city superpower some may argue. Although there glory had been decimated by the Spanish in 1512 the rule of the Aztec will not go forgotten.




 * 1) 8 Ibn Battuta's Travels (1325-1354 CE)- Ibn Battuta was a Muslim explorer that traveled all throughout Asia and Africa. He started is travels in 1325 at the age of 21. His main reason for travel was to go on a Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. His traveling went on for 29 years covering over 75,000 miles and visiting the equivalent of 44 modern day countries. Ibn Battuta faced death many times, being attacked by groups of bandits, exposure to the African heat etc. He managed to survive long enough to become one of the most accomplished explorers in history.




 * 1) 4 European Bubonic Plague Pandemic (1328-1350 CE)- The Bubonic Plague (Black Plague) was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, wiping out approximately 1/3 of Europe's population.when a person became infected with the plague, large welt formed on their skin called buboes. The mortality rate after attracting the disease was 30-40% This dark era is reflected in the artwork of the time; the painting or drawings often illustrated "death" or skeletons. The childhood rhyme "Ring Around the Rosy" is anouther example of this macabre creativity. The Black Plague spread quickly along the newly formed Silk Road  and other trade routes. Because the trade routes connected many of the cities, the plague was able to infect a majority of the towns killing approximately 200 million Europeans . This debilitating blow to the population was one of the final factors to the end of feudalism.




 * 1) 7 Inca Empire (1438-1533) The Inca Empire or the Twantinsuyu was a highly centralized empire in pre-Colombian America with Cusco being the political, military, and administrative center of the empire. The leader or inca was considered a God and thought to be the child of the sun and the Temple of the Sun was the center of state religion. There was no writing system nor did they use the wheel but they did use knotte d strings called quipo to count as well as terraced farming. Below are pictures of the Inca Expansion and a banner of the Twantinsuyu.

. [[image:boiseapworld/Inca-expansion.png width="186"]] [[image:boiseapworld/500px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png width="256" height="256"]]

 * 6 Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453) - The city of Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. The conquering of Constantinople started on the 5th of April and ended on the 29th of May, 1453. Sultan Mehmed II was the ruler of the Turks during the time of Constantinople's fall. The capture of the city marked the official end of the Roman and Byzantine Empires.**

=**1450 CE**=