Alyssa+D.

=Unit 4 Primary Source: Kuleli Military High School=

The Ottoman Empire was in a time of great reform to westernize Turkey in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Tanzimat Reforms were a series of reforms in the 18th century that established Western-style University which included a state postal system, railways, and extensive legal reforms. Among these was the Kuleli Military High School; the first military high school established in Turkey in 1845. After 20 years of it serving as a military school for the Turks, it was decided to combine all of the military high schools like it. Once that failed, all went back to being separate in 1872. Due to the Russo-Turkish War from 1877 to 1878, Kuleli Military High School was turned into a hospital for wounded soldiers but returned to a school after the war was over. Once the Balkan War started in 1912, it then became a hospital again and remained one until the end of WWI when it was abandoned because of the British requests to turn it into an orphanage during the Armenian Genocide. Today it is restored as a military high school. = =

=Unit 3 Primary Source: Catherine Palace=

The Rococo was a style of art emerged in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style. At first it was created in Paris, France with the first example being the Palace of Versailles, but it quickly spread throughout the rest of the world in forms of paintings, architecture, sculpture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and even theater. Rococo art and architecture commonly used pastel colors, asymmetrical designs, curves, and gold. One of the classic examples of this type of art was seen in the making of the Catherine Palace in Russia near St. Petersburg. It was built in 1717 for a summer residence for czar Catherine the Great. However, what some don't know is that it doesnt stand today as Catherine left it. Empress Anna later had the palace expanded in 1730 and Empress Elizabeth (Catherine's daughter) had it demolished in 1752 to replace her mother's "old fashioned" style with a more flamboyant building. It took 4 years to rebuild it and used over 100kg of gold to guild the palace. Today the Catherine Palace still stands as a breathtaking monument and a prime example of the trendy rococo style of that time in history.

Very interesting! do you know if anyone in particular influenced the Rococo style? -LM

**School of Athens: Hypatia**

The school of Athens was an amazing painting created by Raphael in 1510 that withheld some of the greatest contributors to theReanaissance. Among the many humanists was Hypatia, one of the only women painted in this which i found significant in itselfbecause it shows that women were also great thinkers and equal to men during this period due to the humanist beliefs that all humans were the center of the universe. ** Hypatia was a Greek neoplatonist philosopher in Egypt and was one of the first women to study and ** t each philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics. Being the head of the Plato school in Alexandria,she taught philosophy and astronomy.What Hypatia is best known for is being the first well-documented women in mathematics. However, she was brutally murdered because of her public speeches about a non-Christian philosophy, Neoplatonism. Hypatia relates to the Renaissance because of the great thinking and knowledge that she shared with the world.

Although Raphael included many great philosophers and thinkers during the Renaissance in his painting, i felt that Confucius would have been a good addition to it because of the many contributions he made to ancient china with his thoughts and teachings of Confucianism. He would have belonged better than most leaders in classic China because he taught a more humanistic religion while most religions of that time which were naturalistic. I say that because people of the Renaissance were humanists and focused on people more than nature. Good suggestion! -SW

=Primary Source 2: Machu Picchu=

In 1450 CE, at the peak of the Inca Empire, one of the greatest architectural sites was created, the Machu Picchu. The historic sanctuary was built 2,430 m above sea level on the eastern slopes of the Andes mountains and is divided into upper town and lower town. In the upper town, many "kanchas" or complexes were created to form over 200 buildings that adapted to the shape of the mountain, these buildings included temples, such as Torreon in the west, and residences that were in groups of upper and lower classes in the east. These kanchas revolved around the central square. Many stone staircases carved out of the mountain led to the lower town which was more agricultural extensive terraces and channeling systems to provide irrigation.

The Maccu Picchu was abandoned by the Incas 100 years after it was built due to the Spanish Conquest in the 16th century. Although it was not known to the Spanish at the time of invasion, it was lost in history until the American historian, Hiram Bingham, brought it to attention in 1911. Since then, the great landmark has been reconstructed for tourist use and as a part of their developed road systems, the Incas built a road to the Machu Picchu that's has been used up to present times where thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year. = = =Rubber Trees=

In ancient Mesoamerica, the ballgame was a very popular public event for the inhabitants of the area around 300BCE to 250 CE. It was discovered later that rubber was used to create solid balls for this game. But how did they make a material like rubber in such ancient times? While most of you think rubber is completely synthetic, what you don't know is that it used to be completely natural. The Mayan empire was credited for the discovery of rubber by using trees to make it.

They used a plant called the Castilla Elastica also known as a "rubber tree". This tree was often found in Southern Mexico and Central America. To make the plant into usable rubber, they extracted latex by making an incision into the tree's bark where latex vessels pour out the substance into buckets. This process they use is called "rubber tapping" which is still a process people use today. Afterthe latex was collected, it was mixed with the juice of a moonflower which conveniently grew next to the rubber tree. Then the mixture was made into strips which were later wound into balls.



Rubber was not only used for the ballgame, it also symbolized fertility to both the Aztec and Mayan empires because of the latex that flowed from the tree. It was often burned, buried, or laid in a sacrificial pool as an offering to various gods. FUN FACT:
 * Their word for rubber was ulli or olli which gave the name to the ancient people called the Olmecs which literally meant "rubber people".

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